EXAM: Waec 2024

SUBJECT: Civic education

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CIVIC EDUCATION OBJECTIVE

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QUESTION 1

(1a)

(i) Tradition: Authority based on customs, traditions, and historical practices.

(ii) Rational-Legal: Authority based on laws, rules, and regulations.

(iii) Charisma: Authority based on an individual's exceptional qualities, personality, or leadership abilities.

(1b)

(i) Cultural Preservation: Traditional leaders play a vital role in preserving and promoting cultural heritage, traditions, and values. They help maintain cultural identity and pass it down to future generations.

(ii) Conflict Resolution: Traditional leaders often serve as mediators and arbitrators, resolving conflicts within their communities. Their authority and wisdom help to settle disputes and maintain social harmony.

(iii) Representation: Traditional leaders represent their communities in various forums, such as local government, national assemblies, and international organizations. They voice the concerns and interests of their people.

(iv) Leadership: Traditional leaders provide guidance, direction, and inspiration to their followers. They offer vision, wisdom, and counsel, helping their communities navigate challenges and opportunities.

(v) Symbolic Role: Traditional leaders serve as symbols of unity, identity, and stability. They embody the history, values, and aspirations of their communities, providing a sense of continuity and belonging.

(vi) Community Development: Traditional leaders initiate and support development projects, promoting social and economic progress in their communities. They partner with governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders to improve healthcare, education, infrastructure, and economic opportunities.

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QUESTION 2

(2a)

Community service is voluntary work performed by individuals or groups to benefit a community. It involves activities like assisting at shelters, cleaning public spaces, or organizing local events. The goal is to address community needs, promote social responsibility, and enhance the well-being of the community.

(2b)

(i) Skill Development: Community service fosters practical skills such as teamwork, communication, and leadership, which are valuable in various life situations and careers.

(ii) Personal Growth: It enhances personal qualities like empathy, responsibility, and resilience, contributing to overall character development.

(iii) Community Improvement: By addressing local needs, community service helps improve public spaces, support vulnerable populations, and enhance the quality of life for residents.

(iv) Social Connections: Volunteering builds relationships with diverse individuals and organizations, leading to a stronger sense of community and valuable networking opportunities.

(v) Career Advancement: Participation in community service provides experience that can enhance resumes, improve job prospects, and develop a professional reputation.

(vi) Health and Well-being: Engaging in community service can boost mental and emotional health by reducing stress, increasing happiness, and providing a sense of purpose and fulfillment.

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QUESTION 3

(3a)

(i)Pedestrians

(ii)Cyclists

(iii)Motorists.

(3b)

(i)Obey Traffic Laws: Road users are required to adhere to the traffic laws that govern road use. This includes obeying traffic signals, road signs, and pavement markings.

(ii)Vehicle Maintenance: Motorists should ensure their vehicles are in good working condition. Regular maintenance checks include brakes, lights, tire pressure, and engine performance to prevent malfunctions that could lead to accidents.

(iii)Speed Limits:Road users must comply with posted speed limits which are designed to provide a safe maximum and sometimes minimum speed under ideal driving conditions.

(iv)Driving Under the Influence: It is imperative for road users to avoid driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. These substances impair judgment and reaction times, significantly increasing the risk of accidents.

(v)Use of Safety Devices: Road users should use safety devices such as seat belts and helmets. Motorists should ensure passengers, especially children, are also using appropriate safety restraints.

(vi)Stay Alert and Vigilant: Road users must be aware of their surroundings at all times and watch out for other road users, including pedestrians, cyclists, and other vehicles. Distractions such as mobile phones should be avoided while on the road

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QUESTION 4

(4)

(i)Implementation of Educational Programs: Institutions can incorporate comprehensive drug education programs that inform students about the dangers of drug use, the benefits of abstaining, and healthier ways to cope with stress and emotional issues.

(ii)Counseling Services: Providing accessible mental health services and counseling can help students deal with personal issues that may lead to or exacerbate substance abuse.

(iii)Strict Enforcement of Campus Policies: Enforcing strict rules against the use and distribution of substances on campus can deter students from engaging in these activities.

(iv)Peer Support Programs: Establishing peer mentorship and support groups can help students maintain sobriety and provide a platform for sharing experiences and strategies for overcoming substance abuse.

(v)Collaboration with Law Enforcement: Institutions can collaborate with local law enforcement to manage the supply channels of illicit drugs in and around campus areas.

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QUESTION 5

(5a)

(i) Consistent Use of Condoms: Use condoms correctly every time you have sexual intercourse to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.

(ii) Regular HIV Testing: Get tested regularly and ensure your sexual partners are tested to know your HIV status.

(iii) Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Take PrEP medication if you are at high risk of HIV to lower your chances of getting infected.

(iv) Avoid Sharing Needles: Do not share needles or syringes to prevent the spread of HIV through blood.

(v) Safe Blood Transfusions: Only use blood and blood products that have been properly screened for HIV.

(5b)

(i) Persistent Fever: PLWHA often experience recurring or persistent fevers without an apparent cause, signaling a compromised immune system.

(ii) Chronic Fatigue: Sufferers frequently report extreme and persistent fatigue, even after adequate rest, which can significantly affect their daily lives.

(iii) Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant and unexplained weight loss is a common symptom of HIV/AIDS, often indicating the progression of the disease.

(iv) Recurrent Infections: PLWHA are prone to frequent and severe infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, or fungal infections, due to their weakened immune system.

(v) Swollen Lymph Nodes: Enlargement of lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpits, or groin, is a common early sign of HIV infection, as the body tries to fight off the virus.

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QUESTION 6

(6a)

(i)National Police Agency: Specifically, units that focus on crimes against persons, including trafficking.

(ii)Immigration Authorities: These bodies monitor and regulate cross-border movements to prevent illegal trafficking.

(iii)Ministry of Justice or Equivalent: Government departments that focus on legal frameworks and enforcement against trafficking.

(6b)

(i)Social Stigmatization: Victims often face social stigma which can hinder their reintegration into society.

(ii)Economic Disruption: Trafficking can disrupt local economies and exploit the labor market.

(iii)Increased Public Health Concerns: Trafficking can lead to increased spread of communicable diseases among trafficked individuals.

(iv)Human Rights Violations: Severe abuse and violation of victims' fundamental rights are common.

(v)Corruption: Trafficking can be linked to corruption at various levels, complicating efforts to combat it.

(vi)Security Issues: Human trafficking can lead to increased crime and insecurity in affected areas.

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QUESTION 7

(7a)

The rule of law is a fundamental principle that ensures all individuals, institutions, and government officials are subject to the law and must act in accordance with it.

(7b)

(i)Independent Judiciary: A fair and impartial judiciary that can interpret laws and ensure their enforcement.

(ii)Clear and Fair Laws: Laws that are easily understood, fair, and apply equally to all citizens.

(iii)Effective Law Enforcement: Law enforcement agencies that are capable, impartial, and accountable.

(iv)Respect for Human Rights: Protection and promotion of human rights, including freedom of speech, assembly, and association.

(v)Transparency and Accountability in Government: Government actions and decisions that are transparent, accountable, and open to scrutiny.

(vi)Active and Engaged Citizenry: Citizens who are informed, participatory, and hold government officials accountable for their actions.

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QUESTION 8

(8)

(i)Political Instability: Frequent coups, civil wars, and political unrest undermine democratic institutions and processes.

(ii)Corruption: Widespread corruption erodes trust in government, undermines the rule of law, and distorts democratic processes.

(iii)Economic Underdevelopment: Poverty, inequality, and lack of economic opportunities hinder democratic consolidation and citizen participation.

(iv)Limited Access to Education and Information: Many citizens lack access to quality education, accurate information, and media freedom, making informed participation in democracy difficult.

(v)External Interference and Influence: Interference by foreign powers and external actors can undermine democratic sovereignty, perpetuate corruption, and destabilize the region.

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QUESTION 9

(9)

(i)Protection of Individual Rights and Freedoms: The constitution outlines the rights and freedoms of citizens, such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, and protects them from government interference.

(ii)Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances: The constitution divides power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, ensuring that no one branch dominates the others.

(iii)Distribution of Power between Federal and State Governmnts_: The constitution defines the powers and responsibilities of federal and state governments, ensuring a balance of power and autonomy.

(iv)Establishment of Institutions and their Powers: The constitution establishes institutions such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary, and defines their powers and responsibilities.

(v)Amendment and Revision Procedures: The constitution outlines the procedures for amending and revising the constitution itself, ensuring that it remains a living document that can adapt to changing circumstances